Object Oriented Programming
is a programming paradigm based on the concept of “objects”, which can contain data and code: data in the form of fields (often known as attributes or properties), and code, in the form of procedures (often known as methods).
A feature of objects is that an object’s own procedures can access and often modify the data fields of itself (objects have a notion of this or self). In OOP, computer programs are designed by making them out of objects that interact with one another. OOP languages are diverse, but the most popular ones are class-based, meaning that objects are instances of classes, which also determine their types.
Many of the most widely used programming languages (such as C++, Java, Python, etc.) are multi-paradigm and they support object-oriented programming to a greater or lesser degree, typically in combination with imperative, procedural programming. Significant object-oriented languages include Java, C++, C#, Python, R, PHP, Visual Basic.NET, JavaScript, Ruby, Perl, SIMSCRIPT, Object Pascal, Objective-C, Dart, Swift, Scala, Kotlin.
The four basic principles of object-oriented programming are:
Abstraction Modeling the relevant attributes and interactions of entities as classes to define an abstract representation of a system.
Encapsulation Hiding the internal state and functionality of an object and only allowing access through a public set of functions.
Inheritance Ability to create new abstractions based on existing abstractions.
Polymorphism Ability to implement inherited properties or methods in different ways across multiple abstractions.
